Human-computer interaction (HCI) is an interdisciplinary field that considers the interface design elements and communication processes used between humans and computers. Founded on usability, user experience, and human-centered design principles, HCI has become increasingly important as technology has become ubiquitous in modern life. This chapter will examine the founding theories and frameworks that have led to the latest research. We will explore the challenges facing HCI, including designing systems that accommodate diverse user needs, ensuring user privacy, and navigating cultural and regulatory issues related to accessibility. The future of HCI includes exploring innovative ideas, such as generative artificial intelligence, social robots, and virtual/augmented realities that are more intelligent and responsive for more immersive user experiences. HCI plays a critical role in designing user-friendly and effective computing systems. Despite challenges, the field is poised for continued innovation and advancement in shaping the future of HCI.